nZVI

nZVI refers to nanoscale zero-valent iron. These are extremely small particles of iron, typically less than 100 nanometers in size. Their high surface area to volume ratio makes them highly reactive. nZVI is primarily used for environmental remediation, particularly for the treatment of contaminated groundwater and soil. The zero-valent iron acts as a reducing agent, capable of transforming or immobilizing various environmental contaminants. Common applications include the degradation of chlorinated solvents, heavy metals, and some organic pollutants. The mechanism of action often involves direct electron transfer from the iron to the contaminant, leading to its breakdown or conversion into less harmful substances. nZVI can be injected directly into the subsurface or used in permeable reactive barriers. While effective, challenges associated with nZVI include its aggregation, potential for rapid passivation, and the need for careful site characterization and monitoring. Research continues to focus on improving the stability, delivery, and long-term performance of nZVI for broader environmental applications.