màfia

Màfia is a term used to describe organized criminal networks that coordinate illicit activities through a structured organization and a code of silence. Although most closely associated with Sicily, the word is used more broadly to refer to similar criminal organizations in Italy and other countries. The origin of the term is debated; one widely cited theory links it to a Sicilian word describing bravado or independence, while others point to protective or criminal associations formed in the late 19th century.

In Italy, major groups include Cosa Nostra in Sicily, the ’Ndrangheta in Calabria, the Camorra in Campania, and Sacra Corona Unita in Apulia. They differ in organization: Cosa Nostra traditionally features a formal hierarchy with a boss, a consigliere, capi, and soldiers; the ’Ndrangheta is highly family-based and geographically dispersed; the Camorra operates through a looser network of clans. All rely on illegal enterprises such as extortion, fraud, drug trafficking, loan sharking, and money laundering, and they pursue influence over legitimate commerce and public contracts through corruption.

Historically, mafias have used protection rackets, violence, intimidation, and political influence to extend control. In Italy, anti-mafia laws and prosecutions culminating in major trials during the late 20th century disrupted leadership and assets, though networks continue to adapt. Internationally, mafia-type groups have developed diaspora links and cross-border criminal activity, challenging law enforcement with sophisticated financial operations.

The term also serves as a general label for criminal organizations that share similar methods, though scholars emphasize regional variation and differences among groups.