myöhäiskeskiaikaa

Myöhäiskeskiaikaa, or the Late Middle Ages, refers to the period in European history spanning roughly from the 14th century to the 15th century. This era followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the Early Modern period. It was a time of significant transformation marked by both challenges and innovations.

Key events and developments characterized the Late Middle Ages. The Black Death, a devastating pandemic, swept across Europe in the mid-14th century, causing immense population decline and social upheaval. This demographic shock had profound economic and social consequences, leading to labor shortages and changes in land ownership.

Politically, the Late Middle Ages saw the consolidation of monarchies in many European kingdoms and the decline of feudalism. Conflicts such as the Hundred Years' War between England and France shaped national identities and military strategies. The influence of the Catholic Church, while still considerable, faced internal challenges and external pressures, foreshadowing the Reformation.

Culturally, this period witnessed the flourishing of Gothic architecture, the development of vernacular literature, and the beginnings of Renaissance humanism in Italy. Universities expanded, and new intellectual currents emerged, laying the groundwork for future scientific and artistic advancements. The Late Middle Ages was a complex transition, a period of crisis and change that ultimately paved the way for the modern world.