mykorrhizával

Mykorrhizával refers to the symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant. The word itself, "mykorrhizával", is derived from Greek, meaning "fungus root". This partnership is incredibly common, with estimates suggesting that over 90% of plant species on Earth benefit from mycorrhizal fungi.

There are two main types of mycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizae form a sheath around the root cells and penetrate between them, but do not enter the cells themselves. This type is more commonly found in trees like pines, oaks, and birches. Arbuscular mycorrhizae, on the other hand, penetrate directly into the plant root cells, forming specialized structures called arbuscules where nutrient exchange occurs. This is the most widespread type, found in the majority of herbaceous plants, including many crops.

The benefits for the plant are significant. The fungal hyphae, which are much finer than plant roots, extend far into the soil, effectively increasing the surface area for nutrient and water absorption. The fungus can access nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, that might otherwise be unavailable to the plant. In return, the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis. This mutualistic relationship is crucial for plant health, growth, and survival, especially in nutrient-poor soils. Mycorrhizal fungi can also play a role in protecting plants from pathogens and improving soil structure.