mycorrhizaal

Mycorrhizaal refers to a type of symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots. In a mycorrhizaal relationship, the fungal partner colonizes the plant’s root system, forming structures that extend the plant’s access to water and nutrients. In return, the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.

Two major forms are ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal. Ectomycorrhizal fungi envelop root tips with a dense sheath (the mantle) and grow between root cortical cells, forming the Hartig net. They are common in many trees such as pines and oaks. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi penetrate root cortical cells and form arbuscules, facilitating nutrient exchange; AM associations are the most widespread and occur across many herbaceous plants and crops.

Other specialized forms include ericoid and orchid mycorrhizas, found in ericaceous plants and some tropical orchids, respectively. Functions of mycorrhizae include enhanced uptake of phosphorus, nitrogen, and micronutrients, improved water relations, and increased soil aggregation by hyphal networks, contributing to soil structure and carbon storage. Mycorrhizae also link multiple plants into shared networks, sometimes transferring signals or nutrients among hosts.

Ecological and agricultural significance: these associations are highly prevalent in terrestrial ecosystems and affect plant productivity, biodiversity, and nutrient cycling. Management practices such as reduced soil disturbance and appropriate inoculation can promote mycorrhizal colonization in restoration and farming, though benefits depend on plant species, soil conditions, and environmental factors.