mycoremediation

Mycoremediation is a bioremediation approach that uses fungi to break down environmental pollutants in soil, water, and other media. Fungi degrade contaminants primarily through enzymatic systems that attack complex organic molecules. White-rot fungi, such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor, produce lignin-degrading enzymes, including lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, and laccases, which can transform a range of persistent pollutants. Other fungi, including Pleurotus ostreatus, have demonstrated the ability to metabolize hydrocarbons and accumulate metals, broadening the potential applications of mycoremediation.

Applications and methods often involve in situ or ex situ treatment. Techniques include mycoaugmentation, where fungal inocula are added to a contaminated environment, and biostimulation, where nutrients or conditions are adjusted to stimulate native fungal communities. Substrate delivery methods may involve incorporating fungal spawn into soil, spreading fungal mycelium, or using fungal mats to filter or treat contaminated water, a concept sometimes referred to as mycofiltration. Target contaminants include petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated solvents, pesticides, and certain pharmaceuticals, as well as metals that can be immobilized or accumulated in fungal biomass.

Advantages and challenges accompany the approach. Benefits include low energy requirements, potential cost savings, and compatibility with diverse pollutants under ambient conditions. Limitations involve variable performance across sites, slower treatment timelines compared with some conventional methods, and ecological considerations related to introducing non-native fungi. When possible, using native or well-adapted fungal species is preferred to minimize ecological risks.

Research and pilot projects continue to refine fungal strains, inoculation strategies, and nutrient regimes, with growing interest in combining mycoremediation with other bioremediation and treatment technologies.