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Multilayer coatings, also known as multilayer films or multilayered structures, are materials composed of multiple distinct layers deposited sequentially onto a substrate. Each layer typically possesses different physical or chemical properties, and the combination of these layers creates a composite material with enhanced or specialized functionalities that are not achievable with a single layer. The design and fabrication of multilayer coatings involve precise control over layer thickness, composition, and interfacial characteristics.

The fabrication of multilayer coatings can be achieved through various techniques, including physical vapor deposition (PVD) methods like sputtering and evaporation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), and solution-based processes such as dip coating and spin coating. The choice of deposition method depends on the desired material properties, layer thickness, and the substrate material.

Multilayer coatings find widespread applications across numerous industries. In optics, they are used to create anti-reflective coatings, high-reflectivity mirrors, and optical filters by exploiting interference effects between the layers. In electronics, they serve as protective layers, diffusion barriers, and functional components in devices like semiconductors and displays. They are also employed in the biomedical field for implants and drug delivery systems, providing biocompatibility and controlled release. Furthermore, multilayer coatings enhance wear resistance, corrosion protection, and thermal insulation in mechanical and aerospace applications. The synergistic effect of multiple layers allows for tailored performance, making them a versatile technology for advanced material design.