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Monotheism is the belief in the existence of a single, supreme deity that governs the universe. The concept contrasts with polytheism, which holds multiple divine beings, and with pantheism, which identifies divinity with the cosmos itself. Historically, monotheistic thought has been central to many of the world's major religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, each offering distinct theological frameworks while sharing the core premise of one ultimate divine authority.

In ancient Mesopotamia, the early forms of monotheistic cosmology appeared in the prophetic writings of figures such as Jeremiah, who emphasized God's indivisibility and omnipotence. The Hebrew Bible further develops monotheism through the covenantal relationship between God and the Israelites, underscoring exclusive worship and covenantal obligations. The rise of Christianity in the first centuries CE retained monotheistic fundamentals but introduced the doctrine of the Trinity, describing one God in three interrelated persons. Islamic theology, as articulated in the Qur'an, presents the strictest monotheism, explicitly denying any multiplicity within the divine essence and stressing the oneness of Allah.

Academic perspectives on monotheism analyze its sociopolitical implications, noting its role in fostering collective identity, codifying moral codes, and structuring legal systems. While monotheistic faiths differ in ritual practice and doctrinal details, they share foundational beliefs in one omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent deity who is the source of all moral authority. The study of monotheism continues to inform debates on religious pluralism, the nature of revelation, and the intersection of faith with modern social dynamics.