monoklonal

Monoclonal refers to a substance derived from a single clone of cells, producing uniform molecules that share the same structure and binding properties. In immunology, monoclonal antibodies are antibodies produced by a population of identical plasma cells that all originate from one parent B cell, giving each molecule the same antigen-binding site and specificity for a single epitope.

The classic method to generate monoclonal antibodies is the hybridoma technique. B cells from an immunized animal are fused with immortal myeloma cells to create hybridomas, which can be cultured indefinitely and secrete a single type of antibody. Clones are screened for the desired specificity and mass-produced in bioreactors. Since their discovery, monoclonal antibodies have become foundational tools in research and medicine.

To use monoclonal antibodies in humans, researchers often modify them to reduce immunogenicity, producing chimeric, humanized, or fully human antibodies through recombinant DNA technology in mammalian cell systems. This has enabled broader therapeutic use and better tolerability.

Applications of monoclonal antibodies are extensive. They are used in diagnostics, including immunoassays and tissue staining, and in therapy for cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. Examples include antibodies that target specific tumor antigens or inflammatory mediators, as well as checkpoint inhibitors in oncology.

Advantages include high specificity and consistency between production batches. Limitations involve high development and manufacturing costs, potential immune reactions, and the possibility of target antigen modification or resistance reducing efficacy.