monkshood

Monkshood, genus Aconitum, comprises several species grown as ornamental perennials in temperate regions. Common names include monkshood, wolfsbane, and aconite. Plants are tall, with deeply lobed leaves and erect racemes of helmet-shaped flowers. Flower colors range from blue and purple to white or yellow, depending on species and cultivar. Native to cool temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere, monkshood often grows in woodland edges, meadows, and moist slopes. It is prized for its dramatic flower spikes but is highly toxic.

Chemistry and toxicity: Aconitum plants contain aconitine and related alkaloids. They affect voltage-gated sodium channels, causing rapid nerve stimulation followed by paralysis. Ingestion can rapidly cause numbness of the mouth, vomiting, dizziness, hypotension, irregular heartbeat, paralysis, and death. Even small amounts can be lethal. Skin exposure can cause irritation in sensitive individuals. Historically used as a poison; modern use is restricted to regulated preparations.

Cultivation and safety: Gardeners should place monkshood away from children and pets and wear gloves when handling. Plants should be labeled as toxic, and all parts should be kept from access. If poisoning is suspected, seek immediate medical attention. From a horticultural perspective, cultivars differ in height and flower color, but all share the same safety concerns.