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Mitochondrial DNA, often abbreviated as mtDNA, is found within the mitochondria, which are the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells. Unlike the DNA in the cell's nucleus, which is inherited from both parents, mtDNA is almost exclusively inherited from the mother. This maternal inheritance pattern is a key characteristic of mtDNA.
The mitochondrial genome is a small, circular molecule, typically containing around 16,500 base pairs in humans.
The structure of mtDNA is distinct from nuclear DNA, which is organized into linear chromosomes. The circular
Due to its maternal inheritance and relatively high mutation rate compared to nuclear DNA, mtDNA is frequently