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Mitochondrial DNA, often abbreviated as mtDNA, is found within the mitochondria, which are the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells. Unlike the DNA in the cell's nucleus, which is inherited from both parents, mtDNA is almost exclusively inherited from the mother. This maternal inheritance pattern is a key characteristic of mtDNA.

The mitochondrial genome is a small, circular molecule, typically containing around 16,500 base pairs in humans. It encodes for a limited number of genes, primarily involved in cellular respiration and the production of ATP, the energy currency of the cell. While mtDNA carries essential genes for these functions, it also relies on nuclear DNA for many of the proteins required by the mitochondria.

The structure of mtDNA is distinct from nuclear DNA, which is organized into linear chromosomes. The circular nature of mtDNA is important for its replication and function within the mitochondrion.

Due to its maternal inheritance and relatively high mutation rate compared to nuclear DNA, mtDNA is frequently used in evolutionary studies and for tracing maternal lineages. Scientists can analyze variations in mtDNA sequences to understand population history, migration patterns, and evolutionary relationships between species. Mutations in mtDNA can also lead to various mitochondrial diseases, affecting energy production in cells and potentially impacting multiple organ systems.