missinformation

Misinformation, sometimes misspelled as missinformation, refers to information that is false or inaccurate, regardless of whether it was created or shared with malicious intent. It differs from disinformation, which is deliberately deceptive, and from malinformation, which is true information used to cause harm. In everyday use, misinformation often results from mistakes, misinterpretation, outdated data, or misrepresentation of complex topics. Because it can spread rapidly, distinguishing accuracy from error is a continual information-management challenge.

Misinformation spreads through multiple channels, including social media, messaging apps, and traditional media. Cognitive biases such as confirmation bias, the availability heuristic, and the tendency to anchor on striking facts make people more likely to accept and share false claims. Algorithms that prioritize engaging content can amplify misinformation, especially when it is novel or sensational. Lack of source citation and context further facilitates misinterpretation and unchecked propagation.

Impact includes damaged reputations, misinformed decisions, and erosion of public trust in institutions. False health claims can hinder legitimate medical advice; inaccurate political information can shape opinions and influence votes. Effects are often distributed unevenly, with vulnerable groups bearing greater risk.

Mitigation relies on multiple approaches: critical evaluation of sources, cross-checking with reputable outlets, and reliance on verifiable data. Media literacy education helps people identify misinterpretation and practice fact-checking. Platforms can reduce spread by labeling uncertain content, providing context, and slowing sharing of dubious posts. Individuals benefit from cautious sharing and mindful consumption, while researchers study misinformation dynamics to inform policy and design.