metrológie

Metrológie, derived from the Greek words *metron* (meaning "measure") and *logos* (meaning "study"), refers to the science of measurement. It encompasses the study of units, instruments, and methods used to quantify physical quantities such as length, mass, time, temperature, and electric current. The field ensures accuracy, consistency, and traceability in measurements, which are essential for scientific research, industry, trade, and daily life.

The foundation of metrology lies in the International System of Units (SI), a globally recognized standard established in 1960. The SI defines seven base units—meter (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), ampere (electric current), kelvin (thermodynamic temperature), mole (amount of substance), and candela (luminous intensity)—along with derived units for other quantities. National and international organizations, such as the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), maintain these standards to ensure uniformity.

Metrology is divided into three primary branches: scientific, industrial, and legal. Scientific metrology focuses on fundamental research and defining standards, while industrial metrology applies measurements to manufacturing and quality control. Legal metrology ensures compliance with regulations, particularly in trade and consumer protection. Advances in technology, such as precision instruments and quantum-based standards, continue to refine measurement accuracy.

Accurate metrology is critical for innovation, safety, and economic stability. For example, precise timekeeping underpins global navigation systems, and standardized weight measurements prevent fraud in commerce. As industries evolve, metrology adapts to new challenges, ensuring reliable and comparable measurements across disciplines.