meteorologiji

Meteorologija is the scientific study of the atmosphere and its processes, with a focus on weather and climate. It addresses the physical and chemical properties of air, moisture, temperature, pressure, and wind, and how these factors interact to produce phenomena such as rain, snow, storms, and drought. The field also examines longer-term climate variability and change and the interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, land, and biosphere.

Observations from surface weather stations, radiosondes, aircraft, weather radar, satellites, and ocean buoys supply data used to analyze atmospheric conditions. Numerical weather prediction relies on mathematical models of the atmosphere and data assimilation to produce forecasts. Short- to medium-range forecasts (hours to days) are complemented by probabilistic forecasts through ensemble methods to express uncertainty. Climate science uses longer simulations to study historical trends and potential future changes under different greenhouse gas scenarios.

Subfields include dynamic meteorology, synoptic meteorology, physical meteorology, atmospheric chemistry, and climatology. Common instruments and tools comprise weather stations, radar, satellites, lidar, and sounding devices. Data and models operate at global and regional scales, with continuous improvements in resolution, physics, and computation.

Applications of meteorology span aviation, agriculture, emergency management, water resources, and environmental monitoring. The discipline informs weather warnings, planning, and risk assessment, contributing to public safety and economic decisions. Ongoing research aims to better understand atmospheric processes, improve forecast skill, and integrate atmospheric science with climate science and societal needs.