mellékpajzsmirigytúlmködés

Mellékpajzsmirigyek, or parathyroid glands, are four small endocrine glands located in the neck, usually posterior to the thyroid gland. Despite their proximity, they are distinct organs with a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the body. Each gland is roughly the size of a grain of rice.

The primary function of the parathyroid glands is to produce and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH plays a vital role in maintaining calcium homeostasis. When blood calcium levels drop too low, the parathyroid glands release PTH. This hormone then acts on several target organs to increase calcium levels. It stimulates the reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys, promotes the release of calcium from bones, and enhances the absorption of calcium from the digestive tract, with the help of vitamin D.

Disruptions in parathyroid gland function can lead to significant health issues. Hyperparathyroidism occurs when the glands produce too much PTH, leading to elevated blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia). This can cause symptoms such as bone pain, kidney stones, and fatigue. Conversely, hypoparathyroidism occurs when the glands produce too little PTH, resulting in low blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia). Symptoms of hypocalcemia can include muscle cramps, tingling sensations, and in severe cases, seizures. Diagnosis and management of parathyroid disorders typically involve blood tests to measure calcium and PTH levels, as well as imaging studies. Treatment varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.