mavetarmkanal

The mavetarmkanal, or digestive tract, is the series of organs in which food is broken down, nutrients are absorbed, and waste is eliminated. In humans it forms a continuous tube that runs from the mouth to the anus, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are accessory organs that secrete enzymes and fluids essential for digestion but are not part of the canal itself.

Structure and function

The upper digestive tract consists of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus, through which food is swallowed and transported by peristaltic waves. The stomach stores and mechanically mixes food while chemically digesting it with acid and enzymes. The small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) is the primary site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption, aided by bile and pancreatic enzymes. The large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum) absorbs water and electrolytes and forms solid waste. Fecal matter is excreted through the anus.

Regulation and processes

Digestion involves mechanical actions (chewing, churning, peristalsis) and chemical reactions (saliva, gastric acid, pancreatic enzymes, bile). Absorption primarily occurs in the small intestine; most water absorption occurs in the large intestine. The process is regulated by the autonomic and enteric nervous systems and hormones such as gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin.

Microbiota and health

The gut hosts a diverse microbiome that supports digestion, immune function, and barrier integrity. Diseases affecting the mavetarmkanal include gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and irritable bowel syndrome. Diagnosis often involves endoscopy, imaging, and laboratory tests.