marronnage

Marronnage is the historical practice in which enslaved Africans escaped from slavery and formed autonomous, self-governing communities in the Americas. The word derives from the French marron, meaning wild or fugitive slave; in English the related term maroon is used. Marronage occurred in diverse colonial contexts—French, British, Dutch, and Portuguese—primarily from the 17th to the 19th centuries, and its effects persisted after abolition in many regions. Escaped slaves fled to remote or difficult terrain such as mountains, forests, and swamps, where they built self-sufficient settlements. These communities often organized around shared labor, defense, and cultural preservation, while adapting to local conditions. They maintained connections with Africa through language, religious practices, and music, and sometimes engaged in trade with coastal settlements or conducted raids against plantations to acquire necessities.

Colonial authorities treated marronnage as a threat and responded with measures including raids against maroon settlements, punitive laws, and, in some cases, negotiated agreements that recognized limited autonomy or freedom for maroon communities and their descendants. Notable examples include Palmares in Brazil (17th century); Jamaica’s Maroons, who secured a treaty with the British in 1739; and maroon communities in Suriname and other parts of the Caribbean.

In historical scholarship, marronnage is regarded as a form of resistance to slavery and an important aspect of the African diaspora in the Atlantic world.