makromolekylinnych

Makromolekylinnych, or macromolecular, describes substances composed of very large molecules, typically polymers, that have high molar masses. In practice, a macromolecule may have a molar mass ranging from thousands to millions of daltons and consists of repeating units called monomers linked by covalent bonds. Macromolecules occur naturally—such as polysaccharides (starch, cellulose), proteins, and nucleic acids—and synthetically, including polymers like polyethylene and polystyrene.

The architecture of macromolecules varies: linear chains, branched structures, and crosslinked networks. These features, along with chain stiffness, intermolecular interactions, and degree of crystallinity, determine properties such as viscosity, glass transition temperature, melting point, and mechanical strength. Macromolecules are formed by polymerization, which is broadly categorized into addition (chain-growth) polymerization and condensation (step-growth) polymerization. Controlling molecular weight and architecture through living or controlled polymerization enables tailored materials.

Characterization relies on techniques such as size-exclusion chromatography (GPC/SEC) with light scattering, NMR and IR spectroscopy, and thermal methods like DSC and TGA. Applications span materials science (plastics, fibers, coatings), biomedicine (drug delivery polymers, hydrogels), and electronics (conducting polymers), as well as sustainable materials and nanocomposites.

See also: polymers, macromolecules, polymerization, biopolymers, polymer science.