makrofáty

Makrofáty are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system. The name "macrophage" comes from the Greek words "makros" meaning large and "phagein" meaning to eat. They are found in virtually all tissues of the body and are essential for both innate and adaptive immunity.

These large phagocytic cells are responsible for engulfing and digesting cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the proper identification markers on the cell surface. This process is called phagocytosis. Makrofáty also present antigens to T cells, which helps to initiate an adaptive immune response.

Makrofáty are derived from monocytes, a type of white blood cell that circulates in the bloodstream. When monocytes migrate into tissues, they differentiate into macrophages. Different tissues have resident populations of macrophages that are specialized for their local environment. For example, Kupffer cells in the liver and microglia in the brain are specialized types of macrophages.

In addition to their role in phagocytosis and antigen presentation, makrofáty also secrete a variety of signaling molecules called cytokines. These cytokines can influence the activity of other immune cells and can contribute to inflammation. While inflammation is a necessary part of the immune response, chronic or excessive inflammation can be harmful.

The function of makrofáty can be modulated by various factors, including the local microenvironment and signals from other cells. This plasticity allows them to adapt their roles depending on the specific threats and conditions they encounter, making them versatile defenders of the body.