madam

Madam is a polite or formal form of address for a woman. It derives from the French word madame, itself from ma dame, meaning “my lady.” In English, madam has been used since at least the medieval period in formal or respectful contexts, though in casual speech it is often replaced by more contemporary forms.

The term exists in several closely related variants. Madame is the French form used in formal or ceremonial contexts and in some English-language institutions or titles. Ma’am is a contraction of madam that is common in North American English as a courteous address to a woman, especially in service interactions. The pronunciation and social connotations of these forms vary by region and situation; some speakers prefer alternatives such as Ms. or Miss.

Beyond its use as a courtesy title, madam has other historical meanings. It can refer to a woman who runs a brothel, known as a madam. In literature, media, and formal discourse, the word appears in phrases like “Dear Madam” in letters or as part of titles such as “Madam Secretary” or “Madam President,” depending on the context.

Usage notes: When addressing a woman directly, the choice among madam, ma’am, or a non-gendered form depends on formality, audience, and personal preference. In some communities, ma’am is seen as polite and approachable, while in others it may feel old-fashioned or overly formal.