løsningsmidlet

Løsningsmidlet, or solvent in Norwegian, is a substance that dissolves one or more solutes to form a solution. In chemistry, the solvent is typically the component present in greater quantity and provides the medium in which dissolution, chemical reactions, extraction, or cleaning take place. The ability of a solvent to dissolve a substance depends on intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding, dipole–dipole forces, and London dispersion forces. A common rule of thumb is “like dissolves like,” meaning polar solvents tend to dissolve polar solutes while nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes.

Solvents are often categorized by polarity and hydrogen-bonding ability: polar protic (for example water, methanol), polar aprotic (for example acetone, acetonitrile), and nonpolar (for example hexane, toluene). Other useful distinctions include dielectric constant and boiling point, which influence solvent choice for a given task, such as reaction media, extraction, or chromatographic separation. Common industrial and laboratory solvents include water, ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, toluene, and hexane, among others. Selection depends on solubility, reactivity, toxicity, volatility, and environmental impact.

Safety and handling are important considerations. Many solvents are flammable, toxic, or environmentally hazardous. Proper ventilation, PPE, and adherence to disposal regulations are essential. Reduced exposure and careful waste management help mitigate risks associated with solvent use.