lupeol

Lupeol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid belonging to the lupane group. It has the molecular formula C30H50O and is characterized by a single hydroxyl group, classifying it as a triterpenoid alcohol. Lupeol occurs in a wide range of plants and is often a minor constituent of plant extracts but can be enriched in certain sources. Notable natural sources include mango (Mangifera indica) peel, strawberries, grapes, tomatoes, and beans.

Chemistry and biosynthesis: In plants, lupeol is formed through the mevalonate pathway that builds up to squalene, followed by cyclization to yield lupeol. It is lipophilic and poorly soluble in water, typically isolated as a neutral triterpene alcohol. Its structural stability and lupane skeleton contribute to its physicochemical properties and interactions with biological membranes.

Biological activity: Lupeol has been studied for various bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, and anti-cancer effects in preclinical models. Proposed mechanisms involve modulation of inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF-κB, downregulation of inflammatory mediators like COX-2 and iNOS, and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. Additional studies have explored antimicrobial and hepatoprotective effects, mainly in laboratory settings.

Safety and uses: Data on human safety are limited, but lupeol is generally considered to have low toxicity in animal studies at pharmacological doses. It is primarily investigated as a phytochemical with potential nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications, often as a component of plant-derived extracts used in traditional or complementary contexts.