leucemias

Leucemias are a group of cancers that originate in the bone marrow and blood. They are characterized by the clonal proliferation of abnormal white blood cells, which can interfere with the production of normal blood cells. Leucemias are broadly categorized by how quickly the disease progresses (acute or chronic) and by the lineage of the malignant cells (lymphoid or myeloid). Common forms include acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia.

Signs and symptoms reflect impaired blood cell production and infection risk. Common problems include fatigue, pallor, frequent infections, fever, easy bruising or bleeding, and weight loss. Some patients experience bone or joint pain or swollen lymph nodes. Diagnosis typically begins with a complete blood count and a peripheral blood smear, followed by a bone marrow biopsy with immunophenotyping and genetic/molecular testing to define the subtype and guide treatment.

Treatment is tailored to the subtype and patient factors. Acute leukemias generally require prompt, intensive chemotherapy and may involve targeted therapies or immunotherapy; chronic leukemias may be managed with watchful waiting, targeted drugs, or transplantation in selected cases. Other options can include monoclonal antibodies, CAR-T cell therapy, and supportive care such as transfusions and antibiotics. Prognosis varies widely by subtype, age, genetic abnormalities, and response to therapy. Known risk factors include prior chemotherapy or radiation, certain genetic conditions, and exposure to benzene; many cases occur without identifiable cause.