laryngofarynx

The laryngopharynx, also known as the hypopharynx, is the inferior part of the pharynx. It lies posterior to the larynx and extends from the level of the epiglottis to the inferior margin of the cricoid cartilage, where it continues as the esophagus. It serves as a common passageway for air and swallowed food, linking the oropharynx above with the esophagus below.

Anatomically, the laryngopharynx forms the posterior and lateral walls of the larynx. Its lateral walls house the piriform recesses. The walls are formed by the pharyngeal constrictor muscles (superior, middle, inferior), and its mucosa is lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, in contrast to the ciliated epithelium of more superior parts of the pharynx. The inferior constrictor contributes to the upper esophageal sphincter (cricopharyngeus).

It is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus, formed by branches of the glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves, with sensory fibers primarily from IX and X. Motor control of the constrictor muscles is via this plexus. Functionally, the laryngopharynx participates in swallowing: constriction of the pharyngeal walls propels the bolus downward while the laryngeal inlet is closed by the epiglottis and laryngeal adduction to protect the airway.

Clinical relevance includes diseases such as hypopharyngeal cancer, often presenting with dysphagia or throat discomfort. Because of its proximity to the esophagus, tumors can extend to surrounding structures. Diagnosis relies on endoscopy and imaging. Treatment depends on staging and may include surgery, radiation, or chemoradiation.