laktacj

Laktacj is a term used to refer to lactation, the biological process by which milk is produced and secreted by the mammary glands to nourish offspring. It occurs in female mammals as part of reproductive biology, and in humans it typically begins after childbirth, though milk production can be induced in some circumstances.

Physiology: Lactation is regulated by hormones. Prolactin stimulates the synthesis of milk in the alveolar cells; oxytocin triggers the milk-ejection reflex when the nipples are stimulated. Estrogen and progesterone promote gland development during pregnancy and then decline after birth to allow milk production. Colostrum, the first secretion, is rich in antibodies; this transitions to mature milk over several days.

Milk composition and secretion: Human milk contains water, lactose, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive components such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and oligosaccharides that support gut development. Production responds to infant demand; more frequent feeding maintains supply.

Feeding practices and health: Exclusive breastfeeding is advised for about the first six months by many health authorities, with continued breastfeeding alongside complementary foods thereafter. Some parents express milk via pumping or use donor milk. Common challenges include latch difficulties, perceived low milk supply, and mastitis; professional lactation support can help.

Variations and terminology: Beyond human infants, lactation occurs in many mammals. Some individuals may induce lactation without pregnancy for adoptive or surrogate parenting, and donor milk banks support premature or vulnerable infants.