laboratoriumanalyses

Laboratoriumanalyses, or laboratory analyses, are systematic procedures conducted in a laboratory to determine the composition, properties, or quality of samples. They can be qualitative (identifying the presence of substances) or quantitative (measuring amounts).

Analytical fields include clinical laboratory analysis (blood tests, urine tests), environmental analysis (water, soil, air), food and pharmaceutical analysis, materials testing, and basic research. Techniques include spectroscopy (UV-Vis, infrared), chromatography (gas, liquid), mass spectrometry, electrochemical methods, polymer characterization, microscopy, and molecular methods such as PCR and sequencing.

Workflow involves sample collection and preparation; selection of validated methods; instrument calibration; run controls and standards; data analysis and reporting. Results are accompanied by measurement uncertainty, detection limits, and may require confirmation by alternative methods. Quality assurance programs, proficiency testing, and accreditation (e.g., ISO 17025 for testing laboratories, ISO 15189 for clinical labs) ensure reliability.

Applications and limitations: laboratory analyses provide evidence for clinical diagnoses, environmental compliance, food safety, product quality, and research findings. Limitations include sample degradation, matrix effects, instrument sensitivity, and human error. Ethical and safety considerations govern the handling of hazardous materials and the privacy and protection of sensitive data.