kütusekapsleid

Kütusekapslid, also known as fuel cells, are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a fuel, typically hydrogen, and an oxidant, usually oxygen, into electricity through a chemical reaction. This process is distinct from combustion, as it produces electricity directly without a heat engine. The primary components of a fuel cell include an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte. The fuel is supplied to the anode, where it is oxidized, releasing electrons and protons. The electrolyte allows protons to pass through to the cathode while blocking electrons. Electrons travel through an external circuit, generating electric current. At the cathode, the protons, electrons, and oxidant combine to form a byproduct, which is often water.

The efficiency of fuel cells can be significantly higher than that of internal combustion engines, and they produce very few or no harmful emissions, making them an attractive option for clean energy generation. Various types of fuel cells exist, distinguished by their electrolyte and operating temperature, such as proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), alkaline fuel cells (AFCs), and molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs). Each type has specific advantages and applications, ranging from portable power devices and electric vehicles to stationary power generation for buildings and industrial facilities. Research and development continue to improve their performance, cost-effectiveness, and durability.