kümmet

Kümmet is a Turkish term used to denote the global community of Muslims, bound together by shared faith and religious obligations. In most Turkish texts the standard spelling is ümmet; "kümmet" appears as a less common variant in some older or regional writings.

Etymology and meaning: The term derives from the Arabic ummah, meaning "the people" or "the community," and in Islamic discourse refers to the worldwide community of believers. In Turkish usage, ümmet is the translation of the Arabic concept of the Muslim ummah; it is not equivalent to a state or nation.

Theological concept: The ummah is described as a spiritual community transcending ethnic or national lines. It implies collective responsibility for upholding faith, justice, solidarity, and mutual aid among Muslims, including shared worship and charitable obligations.

Historical context: In the Ottoman period, scholars and rulers discussed the idea of ummah within the framework of religious legitimacy and the concept of a caliphate. In modern times, pan-Islamic currents have invoked the term to promote cross-border solidarity among Muslims, even as nation-states have framed identity around citizenship.

Contemporary usage and critique: Today, ümmet/ummah is used in religious discourse, charitable organizations, and some political rhetoric to symbolize unity among Muslims. Critics warn that the concept can be invoked in exclusionary or sectarian ways, but proponents argue it offers a universal ethical frame for Muslim solidarity.