közkiadások

Közkiadások are the expenditures of public authorities on goods, services, and transfers intended to maintain and provide public services and to invest in public infrastructure. They encompass spending by the central government, local and regional authorities, and other public entities, and are a central element of a country’s fiscal policy.

Közkiadások are commonly classified into two main groups: current (működési) expenditures and capital (tőke) expenditures. Current expenditures cover operating costs such as wages and salaries, pensions, subsidies, purchases of goods and services, and other running costs. Capital expenditures consist of investments in infrastructure, equipment, and long-lived assets. In addition, transfers to households, enterprises, or other government units can be part of the current or the capital category depending on the classification framework used. Financing for közkiadások comes from tax and social contributions, user fees, and other revenue sources, with borrowing and planned EU or other grants often playing a role in funding larger investments. Debt service is also a component of public expenditures.

The level and composition of közkiadások influence macroeconomic outcomes, including GDP growth, employment, and inflation, and are a key instrument of fiscal policy and redistribution. Public expenditures are typically analyzed in the context of budgetary deficits or surpluses and debt dynamics. Data are usually compiled within the general government sector and measured according to frameworks such as ESA 2010, enabling cross-country comparisons of size, structure, and changes over time.