kvalitative

Kvalitative is a term used in several Scandinavian languages to describe qualitative approaches in research and evaluation. It refers to data, methods, and analysis that emphasize meaning, interpretation, and context rather than numerical measurement. In Norwegian and Danish, kvalitative is used to describe the qualitative end of research inquiry, just as qualitative indicates non-numerical aspects.

Kvalitative research collects rich, contextual information through methods such as in-depth interviews, focus groups, participant observation, ethnography, content analysis, and case studies. It often seeks to understand processes, experiences, beliefs, and social interactions from the perspectives of participants.

Analytical techniques include coding, thematic analysis, narrative analysis, discourse analysis, and grounded theory. Researchers identify patterns, develop concepts, and build interpretations that illuminate how participants experience and give meaning to phenomena.

Kvalitative work emphasizes depth over breadth and is typically conducted with smaller, purposeful samples to explore complexity. Researchers strive for rigor through credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability, using strategies such as triangulation, reflexivity, and audit trails.

In practice, kvalitative methods are often used in mixed-methods designs to complement quantitative data, helping to explain why and how outcomes occur and to generate hypotheses for further study.

Critics point to concerns about subjectivity and limited generalizability, though proponents argue that transparency in methods and analytical rigor supports trustworthiness.