kuigi

Kuigi is an Estonian subordinating conjunction meaning "although" or "even though." It introduces a concessive dependent clause that presents a circumstance contrasting with the proposition of the main clause.

Usage and grammar: Kuigi is typically placed at the start of the concessive clause and is separated from the main clause by a comma. It can also appear after the main clause, as in "Me läksime välja, kuigi vihm sadas." The clause it introduces expresses a contrast to the situation described in the main clause and signals that the outcome occurs despite the referenced condition.

Examples: Kuigi vihma sajab, lähme välja. Ta on väsinud, kuigi ta jätkab tööd. In both examples, the action in the main clause occurs in spite of the circumstance stated in the subordinate clause.

Notes: Kuigi is a standard part of Estonian grammar and is used in both formal and informal writing. It is distinct from other conjunctions such as "aga" (but) and "kui" (if/when) because it conveys concession rather than mere contrast or condition. In discourse, kuigi helps to express nuance about outcomes that persist despite adverse or unexpected conditions.