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Xanthophytes, also known as yellow-green algae, are a division of eukaryotic algae. They are predominantly freshwater organisms, though some species can be found in marine environments. Xanthophytes are characterized by their photosynthetic pigments, which include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and a high concentration of carotenoids, particularly beta-carotene and fucoxanthin. These pigments give them their characteristic yellow-green coloration, distinguishing them from other algal groups.

Morphologically, xanthophytes exhibit considerable diversity. They can exist as unicellular organisms, forming filaments, or even as coenocytic structures, meaning a single cell with multiple nuclei. Their cell walls are typically composed of cellulose and often contain silica. Reproduction in xanthophytes can be asexual, through zoospores or akinetes, or sexual, though this is less commonly observed.

The ecological role of xanthophytes is significant, particularly in freshwater ecosystems where they contribute to primary production. They are often found in nutrient-rich waters and can play a part in algal blooms. Their evolutionary lineage places them within the Stramenopiles, a diverse group that also includes diatoms and brown algae, though xanthophytes are considered a more basal lineage within this supergroup. Research into xanthophytes continues to reveal more about their unique biochemistry and ecological adaptations.