kovalentného

Kovalentní refers to a type of chemical bond. A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding. Covalent bonding is the most common type of chemical bonding.

Atoms form covalent bonds to achieve a more stable electron configuration, typically resembling that of a noble gas. This is often described by the octet rule, where atoms aim to have eight electrons in their outermost shell. The strength of a covalent bond depends on several factors, including the number of electrons shared and the size of the atoms involved. Covalent bonds can be single, double, or triple, depending on whether one, two, or three electron pairs are shared between two atoms, respectively.

Molecules are formed when two or more atoms are joined together by covalent bonds. Examples of substances held together by covalent bonds include water (H2O), methane (CH4), and oxygen gas (O2). The properties of substances with covalent bonds, such as their melting and boiling points, often differ significantly from those of substances with ionic bonds. Covalent compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity and heat.