komplexem

Komplexem is the instrumental singular form of the Czech noun komplex, meaning "a complex." In Czech grammar, instrumental singular forms are used after certain prepositions and verbs to express means, accompaniment, or manner. The form is created by adding the ending -em to the masculine hard-stem noun komplex, producing komplexem. This is the standard instrumental form in contemporary Czech; other morphological forms include nominative komplex and genitive/locative/dative variants such as komplexu, with the exact endings varying by case.

The word komplex itself derives from the Latin complexus and entered Czech via various routes, including German and French influences. It is used across many domains, including mathematics (komplexní číslo for a complex number), psychology (a psychological complex), and architecture or urban planning (komplex budov or a building complex).

Cross-linguistically, related languages have different spellings and endings for the corresponding instrumental forms. In Polish, the instrumental singular of komplek s or kompleks is kompleksem; German typically uses prepositional constructions (for example, mit einem Komplex) rather than an instrumental form of the noun itself. These differences reflect broader Slavic and Germanic grammatical patterns around the noun meaning "complex" and its specialized senses in science and everyday language.

In usage notes, komplexem appears in sentences that require the instrumental case, often after the preposition s meaning "with." Understanding that komplexem is the instrumental singular form helps in parsing Czech sentences that refer to a complex as a whole, a component of a system, or a concept described or handled in a particular way.