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Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) is a type of fluorescent light source designed to replace incandescent bulbs with a more compact form factor. A CFL typically consists of one or more U- or folded glass tubes filled with a small amount of mercury vapor and an inert gas, coated inside with phosphor. The tubes attach to a compact base that contains a ballast, which regulates current and provides starting voltage.

When electricity is applied, the gas discharge excites the mercury atoms, producing ultraviolet light that then excites the phosphor coating to emit visible light. The ballast controls current and ensures stable operation.

CFLs are generally more energy efficient than incandescent lamps, providing about 60-70 lumens per watt and offering longer service life, typically 6,000 to 15,000 hours. They are available in various color temperatures, from warm white (~2700K) to cool daylight (~6500K), with typical color rendering indices in the 80s.

Advantages include reduced energy use and lower heat output, which can lower cooling requirements in warm climates. Disadvantages include the presence of mercury, the need for a ballast, warm-up time to reach full brightness, reduced performance in very cold conditions or with frequent switching, and limited compatibility with some dimmers.

Market trends have shifted toward LED lighting, which offers similar or greater efficiency and longer lifespans with fewer regulatory concerns. CFLs remain in use in existing installations and in regions with cost constraints or where LEDs are not yet widely adopted. Proper recycling is required due to mercury content.