koldioxidprissättningssystem

Koldioxidpris, or carbon pricing, is a policy approach that assigns a monetary cost to emitting greenhouse gases, with carbon dioxide accounting for most emissions. The goal is to create a clear economic signal that encourages businesses and households to invest in lower‑emission technologies and practices.

There are two main forms. A carbon tax sets a fixed price per tonne of CO2 emitted, providing price certainty for planners and investors. An emissions trading system, or cap-and-trade, sets an overall cap on emissions and distributes or auctions allowances that can be traded in a market, creating a flexible price determined by supply and demand. Some jurisdictions use hybrid approaches or additional measures such as border carbon adjustments, subsidies for clean technologies, or performance-based standards to complement pricing.

Global usage varies by region. The European Union Emissions Trading System is the largest multi-country market. Other notable systems include California’s cap-and-trade program and the UK’s market reforms. Several countries rely on carbon taxes with varying rates, while many more price emissions indirectly through broader energy or fuel taxes. Pricing levels differ widely, and many programs periodically adjust prices to align with climate targets.

Benefits and challenges. When well designed, carbon pricing can reduce emissions cost-effectively and raise government revenue that can be recycled to households or reinvested in clean energy. Challenges include price volatility, potential competitiveness concerns, leakage to regions with lower standards, coverage gaps, and political resistance. Effective design often involves clear targets, credible governance, revenue use plans, and mechanisms to stabilize prices.