kolanach

Kolano is a noun in Polish that designates the knee joint. Kolanach is the locative plural form used after certain prepositions, for example in phrases such as na kolanach (on the knees). It is not a separate anatomical term; the anatomical knee is typically referred to as kolano in the singular and kolana in the plural nominative.

Anatomy: The knee joint is a hinge-type synovial joint formed by the distal end of the femur, the proximal end of the tibia, and the patella. It contains the medial and lateral menisci, articular cartilage, a fibrous capsule, ligaments (anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral collateral ligaments), and the synovial membrane. The articular surfaces are cushioned by cartilage and the menisci to absorb load and stabilize the joint.

Movement: Primary motions are flexion and extension, with a limited amount of rotation when the leg is flexed. Stability comes from ligaments and surrounding muscles, notably the quadriceps and hamstrings, which work together to control motion and protect the joint.

Clinical notes: Knee injuries and conditions are common, including sprains, meniscal tears, ACL injuries, and osteoarthritis. Symptoms typically include pain, swelling, reduced mobility, and sometimes catching or locking of the joint. Treatments range from rest and physical therapy to anti-inflammatory medications and, in some cases, surgery such as arthroscopy or ligament reconstruction.

Etymology and usage: The word kolano derives from Proto-Slavic roots; kolanach is used in everyday Polish grammar as the locative plural form. The term appears in medical, sports, and educational contexts to discuss the joint and its function.