koalisyon

Koalisi, or koalisi politik, is an alliance among two or more political parties or groups that join forces to pursue shared goals. The term is used to describe arrangements formed for electoral purposes, to govern, or to advance a common policy agenda. In parliamentary systems, koalisi often refers to governing coalitions that together hold a majority of seats, as well as electoral coalitions formed to contest elections.

There are several types of koalisi. Electoral coalitions are temporary alliances between parties that pool votes or seats for a single election. Governing coalitions are agreements among parties to form a government and to support it in the legislature. In some cases a grand or national koalisi includes major parties across a broad ideological range to ensure stable governance, especially in times of crisis or when no single party has a majority.

Formation and content of a koalisi typically involve negotiations over the policy program, distribution of ministerial portfolios, and leadership roles. Parties may agree on a minimum program or shared platform, and may include smaller parties or independents as part of confidence-and-supply arrangements. Coalition agreements often establish dispute-resolution mechanisms, policy compromises, and timelines for action.

Stability and challenges are central to coalition politics. Coalitions can provide legislative strength and policy continuity, but internal tensions, ideological distance, and renegotiations can weaken them or lead to collapses, new elections, or the formation of alternative coalitions. External political and economic pressures also influence durability.

Internationally, the term koalisi can describe coalitions of states coordinating actions on security, humanitarian, or diplomatic matters, not limited to domestic politics. In many countries, koalisi remains a common framework for governance and political competition.