knapceller

Knapceller, also known as knaapen or knapweken, are a type of fortified refuge or bunker used in some parts of the Netherlands, particularly during World War II.

The word "knap" is a local colloquialism in the southeastern Dutch language, which is derived from the word "knapen", meaning to bend or duck, referring to the action of crouching down when seeking cover. Originally, knapceller were simple holes in the ground or small, above-ground structures used for protection from bullets, shelling, and other forms of attack.

During World War II, knapceller became more extensive and sophisticated, often incorporating reinforced concrete or brick structures to protect inhabitants from air raids, including bombing and strafing. These underground shelters were typically connected by narrow, winding tunnels, and could accommodate dozens of people, including families, children, and military personnel.

The construction of knapceller often involved local residents and volunteers, who built the structures using whatever materials were available. Some knapceller were disguised as ordinary houses or buildings to avoid attracting attention from enemy forces. These hidden refuges allowed people to stay below ground level, safe from harm, while others above were under attack.

Today, many knapceller have been preserved as historical landmarks or museums, serving as a reminder of the region's struggles during World War II. Some have been converted into visitor centers or living history attractions, giving a glimpse into the daily life of people living in hiding during the war.