kloruri

Chlorides, sometimes written as kloruri in some languages, are chemical compounds that contain chlorine as the chloride ion (Cl−) or as chlorine bonded to a metal. They include common salts such as sodium chloride and diverse metal chlorides. The term covers both ionic chlorides and covalent chlorides, with properties that vary widely by composition.

Formation and structure: They form by neutralization of acids with bases, reaction of metals with hydrochloric acid, or direct combination of chlorine with metals at high temperature. Many chlorides are solids at room temperature; soluble chlorides include alkali and alkaline earth chlorides, while others are volatile or polymeric.

Common examples: sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), ferric chloride (FeCl3). Occurrence: present in seawater, brines, and the mineral halite (rock salt).

Uses: food seasoning and preservation (NaCl); de-icing and dust control (CaCl2, MgCl2); water treatment (FeCl3); catalysts and reagents in organic and inorganic synthesis (AlCl3, TiCl4).

Safety and environmental considerations: many chlorides are corrosive and toxic in concentrated form; inhalation or ingestion can be hazardous. Handling requires appropriate protective equipment and ventilation. Environmental risks depend on the compound and exposure level.