kliima

Kliima is the term used to describe the long-term patterns of temperature, humidity, wind, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions in a given region. In scientific usage, kliima refers to averages and variability observed over decades to centuries, as opposed to weather, which describes short-term conditions.

Origins and usage: The word kliima is used in Estonian to denote climate, and it appears in climate science, environmental policy, and education. The concept is analyzed by climatologists who compile climate normals, document trends, and develop climate models to project future conditions.

Measurement and variables: Kliima is characterized by variables such as mean annual temperature, precipitation totals, seasonal cycles, and extremes (heatwaves, cold spells, heavy rainfall). Data come from weather stations, satellites, and paleoclimate proxies such as tree rings and ice cores. Climate research integrates these data to describe typical conditions and their changes over time.

Regional variation: Climate types vary widely by latitude, altitude, and proximity to oceans and mountains. Classifications that describe regional differences, such as the Köppen system, group areas by common patterns of temperature and precipitation, aiding comparisons and planning.

Climate change: Human activities, especially greenhouse gas emissions, are altering kliima in many regions. Observed changes include higher average temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, more extreme events, and rising sea levels. Impacts affect ecosystems, agriculture, water resources, and infrastructure. Mitigation and adaptation strategies aim to reduce emissions and increase resilience to changing conditions.

See also: Climatology, Meteorology, Climate change, Köppen climate classification, Paleoclimatology.