kehtestades

Kehtestades is an Estonian adverbial participle form of the verb kehtestama, meaning to establish, implement, or validate. In linguistic terms, it marks an accompanying or concurrent action and is used to describe the circumstance under which the main action takes place. In formal writing, kehtestades is often translated roughly as "while establishing" or "in establishing."

Formation and usage: Kehtestades is formed from the stem kehtest- plus the adverbial participle suffix -ades/-des, depending on phonology. It expresses a concomitant action and is typically placed at the beginning or within a sentence, followed by a comma. The subject is usually the same as in the main clause.

Examples: Kehtestades uued reeglid, suurendas ettevõte läbipaistvust. Uuringut viidi läbi kehtestades rangemad kriteeriumid.

Notes: Kehtestades is most common in formal texts such as government reports, policy documents, or academic writing; in everyday speech it is less common and often replaced by a finite clause such as "kui" or "et" + a verb.

Etymology: Kehtestama combines kehtiv- "valid" with the sense of establishing or enforcing; the adverbial participle kehtestades belongs to a class of Estonian non-finite verb forms that express circumstance and is parallel to other -des participles such as lugedes ("while reading").