karuuntuneet

Karuuntuneet is a Finnish term used to describe a state or process in which something has become rough, coarse, or hardened, usually as a result of prolonged exposure to wear, stress, or deterioration. The sense of karuuntuminen depends on the domain, encompassing physical textures as well as metaphorical conditions in social or psychological contexts.

Etymologically, the word derives from karu meaning rough or rugged, with the verb karuuntua meaning to become roughened. Karuuntuneet is the past participle form used attributively or predicatively. The term appears in Finnish-language technical and scholarly writing and is not as common in everyday speech.

In materials science and engineering, karuuntuminen describes surface roughening caused by wear, abrasion, friction, corrosion, or chemical attack. This roughening can change functional properties such as friction, adhesion, and fatigue resistance. In geology, karuuntuminen can refer to surfaces that develop a more rugged texture through weathering processes. In sociology or cultural studies, karuuntuneet may be used metaphorically to describe people or communities that have hardened or become more cynical due to sustained hardship, while acknowledging potential associated resilience.

Examples include a metal component developing a roughened, irregular surface after repetitive motion, or a community described as karuuntuneet after long-term exposure to stress, indicating both protective hardening and potential social or emotional costs. The term thus functions across technical and metaphorical contexts, with attention to the implications of increased roughness or resilience.

See also: karaistuminen, kuluminen.