karrenes

Karrenes are a geological landform resulting from the dissolution of soluble rocks, most commonly limestone, dolomite, or gypsum. This process, known as karstification or denudation, is driven by the action of rainwater that has become slightly acidic through absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. As this acidic water flows over and through the rock, it gradually dissolves the mineral content, creating a variety of surface and subsurface features.

Surface karren features can include small grooves, runnels, and pits, often referred to as lapies or clints and grykes. These can vary in size from a few centimeters to several meters. Dissolution also leads to the formation of sinkholes, which are depressions or holes in the ground surface. These can form gradually or collapse suddenly, sometimes creating dramatic events. Larger depressions, known as uvalas or poljes, can form from the coalescence of multiple sinkholes.

Beneath the surface, karst landscapes are characterized by extensive cave systems, underground rivers, and aquifers. Water percolates through cracks and joints, enlarging them over time to form conduits and chambers. These underground features are crucial for the hydrology of karst regions, often serving as significant sources of water. The unique geological and hydrological conditions of karst terrains support specialized ecosystems adapted to these environments. Karst landscapes are found globally in regions with soluble rock formations.