karistada

Karistada is an Estonian verb meaning to punish or to mete out punishment. It is a transitive verb used when one person imposes a penalty on another for a fault or violation. The action can be legal, disciplinary, educational, or moral in nature. In formal contexts it may refer to official penalties prescribed by law; in everyday speech it can also cover scolding, reprimanding, or applying consequences.

Etymology and related forms: karistada is derived from the noun karistus, meaning punishment. The verb formation with the -da suffix is common in Estonian to turn a noun concept into a verb that expresses the act of applying that concept. The related noun forms include karistus (punishment) and the adjective karistatud (punished).

Usage and examples: Karistada requires a direct object, typically a person or entity being punished. Examples: Ma karistasin teda varguse eest. Ta karistas ta ülekuulamisel. Lasteaias on õpetaja öelnud, et mõistlik karistus tuleb rakendada õigel ajal. In legal or institutional language, it can be used to describe official penalties or disciplinary measures.

Conjugation (present, past, imperative): Present – karistan, karistad, karistab, karistame, karistate, karistavad. Past – karistasin, karistasid, karistas, karistasime, karistasite, karistasid. Past participle – karistatud. Imperative – karista! karistage!

See also: karistus, karistusmäärus, karistusseadus.