kalaripayattu

Kalaripayattu is a traditional martial art form from the Indian state of Kerala. It is often described as one of the oldest surviving fighting systems in the world. The practice is named after Kalari, the training hall, and payattu, meaning fight or practice.

Its origins are ancient, with references in early Tamil and Sanskrit literature, temple artworks, and folklore. Legends link its development to sages and warriors, and to the mythic figure Parasurama. Over centuries, it evolved through regional styles and spread along maritime routes to Southeast Asia, influencing other martial traditions.

Kalari training combines conditioning, flexibility, and coordination with combat techniques that include strikes, kicks, grappling, and locks. A key concept is marmam, the body's vital points, which are studied in technique and application. Students also learn weaponry, such as the urumi (a flexible sword), straight swords, daggers, spears, and shields, with practice using wooden and metal implements.

Today, Kalari is practiced in Kerala and among diaspora communities worldwide. It is taught in schools and cultural centers and is sometimes linked to traditional theatre such as Kathakali for movement and stamina. Modern training emphasizes technique, safety, and fitness, while preserving historical elements and regional styles.