kümulonimbus

Cumulonimbus is a dense, towering vertical cloud associated with thunderstorms and atmospheric instability. These clouds are known for their massive vertical development, often extending from the surface of the Earth to altitudes of over 12 kilometers (7.5 miles), sometimes even reaching the stratosphere. The name "cumulonimbus" comes from Latin words: "cumulus" meaning "heap" and "nimbus" meaning "rain cloud."

The formation of cumulonimbus clouds requires a strong updraft of warm, moist air. As this air rises, it cools, and water vapor condenses to form cloud droplets. The rapid upward movement continues, leading to significant vertical growth. The upper part of a mature cumulonimbus cloud often spreads out into an anvil shape, known as an incus, as the updraft hits the stable layer of the tropopause.

Cumulonimbus clouds are responsible for a variety of weather phenomena, including heavy rain, hail, lightning, thunder, and strong winds. In severe cases, they can produce tornadoes. The presence of ice crystals in the upper portions of the cloud and liquid water in the lower portions contributes to the electrical activity that generates lightning. Different types of cumulonimbus clouds exist, classified by their appearance and the severity of the weather they produce.