iðnvæðing

Iðnvæðing refers to the process of industrialization, a significant period of social and economic change that began in Great Britain in the late 18th century and subsequently spread throughout the world. This transformation marked a shift from agrarian and handicraft economies to ones dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. Key developments included the invention of new machinery, the harnessing of new power sources like steam and later electricity, and the rise of the factory system.

The effects of iðnvæðing were profound and far-reaching. It led to unprecedented economic growth and an increase in the production of goods, making them more accessible to a wider population. However, it also brought about significant social upheaval. Urbanization accelerated as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of work, leading to overcrowded living conditions and the emergence of new social classes, notably the industrial working class and the industrial bourgeoisie. Working conditions in factories were often harsh, with long hours, low wages, and dangerous environments.

Iðnvæðing fundamentally altered societies, influencing everything from family structures and daily life to political systems and international relations. It laid the groundwork for modern capitalist economies and continues to shape global development, with ongoing debates about its environmental impact and its equitable distribution of benefits. The concept encompasses technological innovation, economic restructuring, and social transformation.