izotípusok

Izotípusok refers to the different forms of antibodies that a single individual can produce. Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are proteins produced by the immune system to neutralize pathogens like bacteria and viruses. While all antibodies share a common basic structure, variations exist in the constant regions of their heavy chains. These variations define the different antibody classes or isotypes.

The five main human antibody isotypes are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD. Each isotype has a distinct structure and function, and they are found in different locations in the body. IgG is the most abundant isotype in serum and plays a crucial role in secondary immune responses and long-term immunity. IgM is the first antibody produced during a primary immune response and is effective at activating the complement system. IgA is primarily found in mucosal secretions like saliva, tears, and breast milk, providing localized protection. IgE is involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infections. IgD is found on the surface of B cells and its exact function is still being investigated.

The production of specific antibody isotypes is regulated by a process called isotype switching, where B cells change the class of antibody they produce. This switching is influenced by T helper cells and cytokines, allowing the immune system to tailor its antibody response to the specific type of pathogen encountered. Understanding izotípusok is essential for comprehending the complexities of the adaptive immune system and developing effective immunotherapies and vaccines.