izopropanol

Isopropanol, also known as isopropyl alcohol or 2-propanol, is a colorless, flammable liquid with the chemical formula C3H8O (molecular weight 60.10). Its structure features a secondary alcohol group on a three-carbon chain (CH3-CHOH-CH3). It is miscible with water and most common organic solvents. Typical properties include a boiling point of 82.6 °C, a melting point of -89 °C, density around 0.785 g/mL at 20 °C, and a flash point near 11–12 °C.

Industrial production is dominated by the acid-catalyzed hydration of propene, using catalysts such as sulfuric or phosphoric acid to yield isopropanol directly from propene and water. It can also be produced via indirect hydration routes. As a major chemical intermediate, it is commonly dehydrogenated or oxidized to other products such as acetone.

Applications include serving as a versatile solvent for inks, coatings, adhesives, cleaning products, and pharmaceuticals. It is also widely used as an antiseptic and disinfectant ingredient; in many regions it appears as the active component in rubbing alcohol and in hand sanitizers. Additionally, it functions as a feedstock for the production of acetone and various esters.

Safety and handling considerations: isopropanol is flammable and should be stored in tightly closed containers in well-ventilated areas away from heat and oxidizers. It is moderately toxic if swallowed or inhaled and can irritate eyes and skin; exposure may cause central nervous system effects. Appropriate personal protective equipment and proper ventilation are recommended, along with strict separation from ignition sources.

Environmental and regulatory notes: spills should be contained to prevent ignition hazards. It is generally readily biodegradable with limited bioaccumulation potential, but its flammability requires careful handling in industrial and consumer contexts.